Nomogram for predicting post-traumatic hydrocephalus after decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop and validate a practical nomogram to predict the occurrence of post-traumatic hydrocephalus in patients who have undergone decompressive craniectomy for traumatic brain injury. METHODS: A total of 516 cases were enrolled and divided into the training (n=364) and validation (n=152) cohorts. Optimal predictors were selected through least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis of the training cohort then used to develop a nomogram. Receiver operating characteristic, calibration plot, and decision curve analysis, respectively, were used to evaluate the discrimination, fitting performance, and clinical utility of the resulting nomogram in the validation cohort. RESULTS: Preoperative subarachnoid hemorrhage Fisher grade, type of decompressive craniectomy, transcalvarial herniation volume, subdural hygroma, and functional outcome were all identified as predictors and included in the predicting model. The nomogram exhibited good discrimination in the validation cohort and had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.80 (95%CI 0.72-0.88). The calibration plot demonstrated goodness-of-fit between the nomogram's prediction and actual observation in the validation cohort. Finally, decision curve analysis indicated significant clinical adaptability. CONCLUSION: The present study developed and validated a model to predict post-traumatic hydrocephalus. The nomogram that had good discrimination, calibration, and clinical practicality can be useful for screening patients at a high risk of post-traumatic hydrocephalus. The nomogram can also be used in clinical practice to develop better therapeutic strategies.

Factores asociados a hidrocefalia congénita / Factors associated to congenital hydrocephaly

RESUMEN La hidrocefalia congénita constituye un síndrome polimórfico, que reúne afecciones diversas que conllevan a la discapacidad mental y a la muerte, puede aparecer como una malformación aislada o asociarse a otras, relacionada con un gran número de defunciones. La mayoría de los casos diagnosticados prenatalmente no llegan al nacimiento, lo cual significa que es necesario la prevención preconcepcional de los factores de riesgo asociados, los cuales son disímiles y en su mayoría prevenibles. Se revisó la bibliografía actualizada en las bases de datos bibliográficas Scielo y ClinicalKey, además de tesis de terminación de las especialidades Embriología Médica, Ginecobstetricia, Pediatría y Medicina Interna. Entre los factores de riesgo asociados se destacan el déficit de ácido fólico, las infecciones maternas, así como agentes físicos y químicos. El objetivo fue exponer los referentes teóricos relacionados con la hidrocefalia congénita y sus factores asociados, basándose en los fundamentos teóricos más actualizados (AU).

SUMMARY Congenital hydrocephaly is a polymorphic syndrome comprising diverse diseases that lead to mental disability and death. It could appear like an isolated malformation or associated to other malformations and is related to a great number of deceases. Most of the cases diagnosed prenatally are not borne, meaning not only that incidence is slow, but also that a great work is needed in the pre-conceptive prevention of the associated risk factors that are different and mostly preventable and modifiable. That is why it is an important multifactorial health problem. Among the associated risk factors the most important are folic acid deficit, maternal infections, and also physical and chemical agents. The theoretical referents related to congenital hydrocephaly and its associated factors are declared the aim of this research on the basis of the most updated theoretical principles (AU).

Perfil clínico e epidemiológico de crianças internadas por hidrocefalia num hospital municipal de São Paulo no período de 2014 a 2016 / Clinical and epidemiological profile of children hospitalized by hydrocephalia in a municipal hospital of São Paulo in the period 2014 to 2016

Fundamento: A hidrocefalia é acúmulo anormal de líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) nos ventrículos, ocasionando anormalidades funcionais e neuropsíquicas, gerando impacto para crianças, familiares e profissionais da saúde. Objetivos: Descrever a prevalência do sexo, idade, achados clínicos, idade de diagnóstico e as possíveis associações da hidrocefalia. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, a partir da análise dos prontuários de crianças de 0 a 3 anos com diagnóstico de hidrocefalia, internados na enfermaria de pediatria do Hospital Municipal Doutor Alípio Correa Netto (São Paulo - SP), no período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2016. Os dados coletados foram apresentados em relação a à porcentagem dos achados e para a análise estatística foi utilizado o cálculo de razão de chances e o intervalo de confiança pelo programa EZ-R Excel 1.99. Resultados: Foram avaliados 34 prontuários, sendo 50% de cada gênero, 50% prematuras com perímetro cefálico normal (26.5%), idade de diagnóstico menor que 6 meses (73.5%), convulsão (37.2%) como principal sintoma. O diagnóstico foi realizado por TC (61.7%). Foi encontrado que a idade materna entre 15 e 20 anos, assim como o peso ao nascimento menor 2500g estão associados aos casos de hidrocefalia. O diagnóstico da hidrocefalia, nas crianças acompanhadas no referido hospital, foi realizado principalmente por TC crânio, predominantemente em menores de 6 meses, e a convulsão foi o sintoma prevalente, podendo ser usado como alerta.(AU)

Background: Hydrocephalus is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles, causing functional and neuropsychic abnormalities, generating impact for children, family members and health professionals. Objectives: To describe the prevalence of gender, age, clinical findings, age of diagnosis and possible associations of hydrocephalus. Methods: This is a retrospective study, based on the analysis of the children aged 0 to 3 years with diagnosis of hydrocephalus, hospitalized in the pediatrics at the Municipal Hospital Doctor Alípio Correa Netto (São Paulo - SP), from January 2014 to December 2016. The data collected were presented in relation to the percentage of the findings and for the statistical analysis, the Odds ratio and the confidence interval by the program EZ-R Excel 1.99. Results: 34 medical records were analyzed, 50% of each genus, 50% premature with normal head circumference (26.5%), diagnosis age less than 6 months (73.5%), seizure (37.2%) as the main symptom. The diagnosis was made by CT (61.7%). It was found that maternal age between age…15 and 20 years as well as birth weight less than 2500g are associated with cases of hydrocephalus. The diagnosis of Hydrocephalus, in children accompanied at the referred hospital, was performed mainly by CT scans, predominantly in children younger than 6 months and the seizure was the prevalent symptom and can be used as an alert.(AU)

Hemorragia subaracnóidea espontânea não aneurismática: perimesencefálica versus não perimesencefálica / Non-aneurysmal spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage: perimesencephalic versus non-perimesencephalic

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar a evolução clínica da hemorragia subaracnóidea perimesencefálica com a da hemorragia subaracnóidea não perimesencefálica. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, que incluiu pacientes portadores de hemorragia subaracnóidea sem causa conhecida em um hospital terciário localizado na região norte de Portugal. Os dados epidemiológicos, clínicos e de imagem foram analisados estatisticamente, levando em conta a divisão dos pacientes em duas categorias: hemorragia subaracnóidea perimesencefálica e hemorragia subaracnóidea não perimesencefálica. Resultados: Cumpriram os critérios de inclusão 62 pacientes, 46,8% deles com hemorragia subaracnóidea perimesencefálica e 53,2% com hemorragia subaracnóidea não perimesencefálica. As caraterísticas demográficas, assim como os antecedentes clínicos, foram similares entre os grupos. As complicações foram observadas mais comumente no grupo com hemorragia subaracnóidea não perimesencefálica, sendo que 84,8% desses pacientes tiveram, no mínimo, uma complicação, comparados a 48,3% dos pacientes com hemorragia subaracnóidea perimesencefálica. Vasoespasmo, infecções e hidrocefalia foram as complicações mais comuns - todas observadas mais frequentemente nos pacientes com hemorragia subaracnóidea não perimesencefálica. Dois pacientes vieram a falecer, ambos com hemorragia subaracnóidea não perimesencefálica. A mediana do tempo de permanência no hospital foi maior nos pacientes com hemorragia subaracnóidea não perimesencefálica (21 dias, em comparação aos 14 dias observados nos pacientes com hemorragia subaracnóidea perimesencefálica). Não se observaram recidivas de sangramento durante o acompanhamento (tempo médio de 15 ± 10,3 meses). Conclusão: As hemorragias subaracnóideas perimesencefálica e não perimesencefálica tiveram formas diferentes de evolução clínica, principalmente no que se referiu à taxa de complicações e ao tempo mediano de permanência no hospital. Assim, a abordagem dessas duas formas de hemorragia subaracnóidea deve ser distinta, tanto em busca de melhorar o tratamento dos pacientes quanto para obter um melhor aproveitamento dos recursos de saúde.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the clinical evolution of perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage and non-perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods: The study was conducted retrospectively in a tertiary hospital center in the north region of Portugal. Included patients had no identifiable cause for subarachnoid hemorrhage. Several epidemiologic, clinical and imaging aspects were statistically analyzed, taking into account the differences in perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage and non-perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Results: Sixty-two patients met the inclusion criteria (46.8% - perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage; 53.2% - non-perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage). Demographic and clinical background characteristics were similar in both groups. Complications were more frequent in patients with non-perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage - 84.8% of the patients had at least one complication versus 48.3% in perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage. Vasospasm, infection and hydrocephaly were the most common complications (each was detected more frequently in the non-perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage group than in perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage group). Two patients died, both had a non-perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage. The median inpatient time was longer in the non-perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage group (21 versus 14 days). No incidents of rebleeding were reported during the follow-up period (mean time of 15 ± 10.3 months). Conclusion: Perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage and non-perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage are two different entities that have different clinical outcomes, namely in terms of complication rate and median inpatient time. The management of these patients should respect this difference to improve treatment and optimize health care resources.

Defectos congénitos en un hospital de tercer nivel en Cali, Colombia / Congenital defects in a tertiary level hospital in Cali, Colombia

OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia global e individual de los defectos congénitos diagnosticados al nacimiento en un hospital de referencia de la ciudad de Cali, Colombia, periodo 2011-2012 y comparar los resultados con lo reportado previamente para la misma institución. MÉTODOS: Se realizó vigilancia epidemiológica de defectos congénitos en el Hospital Universitario del Valle entre julio 2011 y junio 2012, siguiendo la metodología ECLAMC. Se realizaron tablas para ilustrar la distribución de la frecuencia de los defectos congénitos. RESULTADOS: Durante los 12 meses de estudio, se atendieron 5.669 nacimientos, de los cuales 109 presentaron al menos un defecto congénito, para una prevalencia de 1,92%. Para defectos congénitos específicos se registraron las prevalencias más altas para: polidactilia (24,69 x 10.000), apéndice preauricular (15,87 x 10.000), hidrocefalia (15,87 x 10.000), hidronefrosis (15,87 x 10.000). Al agruparlos, las prevalencias más altas fueron para los siguientes grupos: defectos de las extremidades (79,37 x 10.000), defectos del sistema nervioso central (49,39 x 10.000), defectos por disrupción vascular (40,57 x 10.000). CONCLUSIONES: En el periodo de vigilancia en la institución se encontró una prevalencia de defectos congénitos similar a la reportada previamente en la misma. Al agruparlos, las prevalencias más altas fueron para los defectos de las extremidades, defectos del sistema nervioso central y defectos por disrupción vascular. Los defectos congénitos relacionados con factores ambientales, principalmente defectos del tubo neural y defectos por disrupción vascular presentaron prevalencias más altas en comparación con lo reportado previamente.

AIMS: To determine the overall and individual prevalence of birth defects diagnosed at birth in a referral hospital in Cali, Colombia, in the period 2011-2012 and compare the results with previously reported for the same institution. METHODS: Epidemiological surveillance of birth defects was performed at the Hospital Universitario del Valle between July 2011 and June 2012, following ECLAMC methodology. Tables were performed to illustrate the frequency distribution of birth defects. RESULTS: During the 12 months of study there were 5,669 births, of which 109 had at least one birth defect, for a prevalence of 1.92%. For specific birth defects, the highest prevalence were recorded for polydactyly (24.69 x 10,000), auricular appendage (15.87 x 10,000), hydrocephalus (15.87 x 10,000), hydronephrosis (15.87 x 10,000). By grouping, the highest prevalence was for the following groups: limb defects (79.37 x 10,000), central nervous system defects (49.39 x 10,000), vascular disruption defects (40.57 x 10,000). CONCLUSIONS: In the surveillance period in the institution it was found a prevalence of birth defects similar to that previously reported in the same institution. By grouping, the highest prevalence were for limb defects, defects of the central nervous system and vascular disruption defects. Birth defects associated with environmental factors, principally neural tube defects and defects by vascular disruption had higher prevalence compared with those reported previously.

Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Post Hemorrhagic Hydrocephalus among Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants in Korea

Here, we aimed to evaluate the incidence and mortality of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) among very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants in Korea and assess the associated factors of PHH. This cohort study used prospectively collected data from the Korean Neonatal Network (KNN). Among 2,386 VLBW infants in the KNN database born between January 2013 and June 2014, 63 infants who died without brain ultrasonography results were excluded. Maternal demographics and neonatal clinical characteristics were assessed. The overall incidence of IVH in all the VLBW infants was 42.2% (987 of 2,323), while those of IVH grade 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 25.1%, 7.0%, 4.8%, and 5.5%, respectively. The incidence and severity of IVH showed a negatively correlating trend with gestational age and birth weight. PHH developed in 0%, 3.5%, 36.1%, and 63.8% of the surviving infants with IVH grades 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Overall, in the VLBW infants, the IVH-associated mortality rate was 1.0% (24/2,323). Only IVH grade severity was proven to be an associated with PHH development in infants with IVH grades 3-4. This is the first Korean national report of IVH and PHH incidences in VLBW infants. Further risk factor analyses or quality improvement studies to reduce IVH are warranted.

Oral Cavity — A Window to Systemic Illness.

Oral cavity very often has been described as reflection of our body as most of the initial clinical symptoms occur in oral cavity. The current paper also focuses on the oral presentation of the systemic condition called Pyknodysostosis (MIM 265800) which is a rare, autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia characterized by short stature, wide cranial sutures, and increased bone density and fragility was first described in 1962 by Maroteaux and Lamy under the heading of diastrophic dwarfism.

Craniosynostosis genetics: The mystery unfolds.

Craniosynsostosis syndromes exhibit considerable phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Sagittal synostosis is common form of isolated craniosynostosis. The sutures involved, the shape of the skull and associated malformations give a clue to the specific diagnosis. Crouzon syndrome is one of the most common of the craniosynostosis syndromes. Apert syndrome accounts for 4.5% of all craniosynostoses and is one of the most serious of these syndromes. Most syndromic craniosynostosis require multidisciplinary management. The following review provides a brief appraisal of the various genes involved in craniosynostosis syndromes, and an approach to diagnosis and genetic counseling.

Hidrocefalia crónica del adulto: análisis descriptivo de 36 casos / Chronic adult hydrocephalus: descriptive analysis of 36 cases

La Hidrocefalia “Normotensiva” o “Crónica del Adulto” (HCA) es una entidad poco conocida, que se manifiesta en sus formas completas por un cuadro de demencia progresiva, alteraciones de la marcha e incontinencia de esfínteres. El tratamiento es quirúrgico, y supone la instalación de una válvula derivativa de líquido cefalorraquídeo, pudiendo revertir la sintomatología. Sin embargo, existe una gran heterogeneidad en los resultados postoperatorios de las distintas series publicadas. El objetivo de este trabajo es comunicar y analizar los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico en el manejo de esta patología. Se presenta una serie retrospectiva de 36 pacientes tratados en el Servicio de Neurología y Neurocirugía del Hospital Regional Valdivia. Los datos fueron ingresados en un protocolo tipo y analizados estadísticamente en el programa EPI info 2002. La serie está constituida por 30 pacientes de sexo masculino (83.3 por ciento) y 6 de sexo femenino (16.7 por ciento). Edad promedio 47.9 años (16- 69). El 72.2 por ciento de los pacientes tenían antecedentes mórbidos de importancia para el desarrollo de HCA. En el 77.8 por ciento se pesquisaron alteraciones de las funciones superiores, alteraciones de la marcha en el 55.6 por ciento y alteración de esfínter urinario en 50 por ciento. En el 30.6 por ciento se observó la triada de Hakim completa. El tratamiento realizado fue quirúrgico en todos los pacientes; derivación ventrículo-peritoneal 69.4 por ciento y ventrículo-atrial en 30.6 por ciento. Un 44.4 por ciento presentaron complicaciones postoperatorias. Se evidenció una mejoría parcial o total de las alteraciones observadas al ingreso en el 58.3 por ciento. El índice de mejoría de los pacientes incluidos en esta muestra concuerda con lo descrito en la literatura.

effect of the seasonal cerbro spinal meningitis on the incidence of hydrocephalus in sudanese children

The inflammetors process of meningitis may obstruct the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid culminating into increased intracranial tension and in children before closure of their frontlanel may lead to hydrocephalus- This study was constructed to find out the impact of the out break of meningococcal meningitis into the frequency of hydrocephalus in young children. We found that the peak of the incidence of acquired hydrocephalus in young children follows that of the seasonal cerebro-spinal meningitis [CSM] by few weeks. The age group affected by post- meningetic hydrocephalus was that below two years. Children of this age group were not included in the national vaccination program against cerebro-spinal meningitis at the time of the study, which may be the cause of their high susceptibility

Hidrocefalia derivada na infância: um estudo clínico-epidemiológico de 243 observações consecutivas / Shunted hydrocephalus in childhood: an epidemiological study of 243 consecutive observations

Os objetivos deste estudo foram analisar as características epidemiológicas e clínicas de 243 crianças com hidrocefalia derivada, acompanhadas durante 1 a 27 anos, assim como identificar os fatores relacionados aos distúrbios psicomotores, epilepsia e ao óbito. A meningite pós-derivação e os distúrbios mecânicos do sistema foram as complicações mais freqüentes (22,3 por cento e 30,7 por cento, respectivamente). A média de derivação por paciente foi 1,47. Distúrbios motores graves ocorreram em 34,3 por cento, déficit cognitivo em 58,5 por cento e epilepsia em 43,6 por cento dos pacientes. Os distúrbios motores correlacionaram-se positivamente com o grau da hidrocefalia. Houve maior incidência de déficit cognitivo e epilepsia nos casos de hidrocefalia pós-meningite. O óbito ocorreu em 52 pacientes e estes apresentaram um percentual maior de neoplasia do sistema nervoso central e de distúrbios motores na última avaliação, assim como de retirada da primeira derivação por meningite precoce, ocorrida até 2 meses após a derivação.

Myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus, clinical analysis

To determine the relation between development of hydrocephalus and the size and location of a myelomeningocele, a retrospectivel study was performed at Jordan University Hospital between January 1992 and February 2000. A total number of 43 cases were included with a mean follow up period of 9.2 months [2-18 months]. Patients were categorized according to the size [maximum diameter of skin defect in myelomeningocele] and the location of myelomeningocele so as to evaluate the development of hydrocephalus. We conclude from the study that hydrocephalus was more associated with the larger size myelomeningocele and the upper located ones

Malformaciones del sistema nervioso central en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile y maternidades chilenas participantes en el estudio colaborativo lationamericano de malformaciones congénitas, ECLAMC / Central nervous system malformations in Chilean hospitals participating in the Latin American collaborative study of congenital malformations, ECLAMC

Background: In Chile, the rates of central nervous system congenital malformations at birth remain high, when compared with the rest of the world. Aim: To report the rates of central nervous system congenital malformations in Chilean hospitals. Material and methods: Using the ECLAMC protocol, every malformed newborn or stillbirth, weighing more than 500 g at birth is registered using a standard protocol, and the next non malformed child of the same sex born in the same hospital is assigned as control. Results: The rates of central nervous system congenital malformations are higher at the University of Chile Clinical Hospital than in the rest of Chilean hospitals or Latin American Hospitals. There are significantly higher rates of anencephalia in Concepcion and spina bifida in Valdivia, Rancagua and Concepcion. In the University of Chile Clinical Hospital, global annual rates have a negative slope of -0.0259 per 1000 born alive, with a correlation coefficient of -0.125 (p <0.05). The slope is positive among children born alive, with an annual rate increase of 0.071. Among stillbirths, the slope is -0.47 per 1000 born alive. Sixty two percent of malformed children were female. Among children with neural tube defects, 30 per cent had a malformed relative and, of these, 66 per cent had the same malformation. Conclusions: Family clustering of neural tube defects, supports the influence of a genetic factor influencing their appearance

Malformaciones congénitas y exposición a pesticidas / Congenital malformations and pesticide exposure

Background: Chronic pesticide exposure is a recognized risk for human health. The frequency of congenital malformations in exposed people, can be used for epidemiological studies assessing reproductive risk secondary to toxic exposure. Aim: To study the association between the incidence of congenital malformations and parent's exposure to pesticides. Material and methods: A prospective study of cases and controls. The exposure could be caused by occupational activities or residence around fumigated crops. The records of cases and controls from the surveillance carried out in the Hospital Regional de Rancagua were analyzed. This hospital is active member of a collaborative study of congenital malformations in Latin America. Results: In two years there was a total of 453 newborns (18 stillborn) with congenital malformations, with an incidence of 41.24 ä. Considering only children born alive, the paired analysis of cases and controls showed an association of congenital malformations with a history of maternal exposure, with an attributable fraction of 54.4 percent. Conclusions: These results, showing an association between pesticide exposure and congenital malformations, should be analyzed in the future by a logistic regression test

La hidrocefalia congénita. Un problema social y economico-cultural en Venezuela / Congenital hydrocephaly. An social problems and economic-cultural in Venezuela

En este artículo vamos a hacer un breve comentario sobre la Hidrocefalia en la primera infancia, considerándola como un problema social y económico-cultural grave en nuestro medio. Se revisaron ocho años de la incidencia de esta patología, encontrándose un índice de mortalidad de 80% en menores de un año, lo cual es bastante elevado, según consta en los archivos de estadísticas del Ministerio de Sanidad y Asistencia Social. En este sentido, consideramos que la empresa privada podría convertirse en abanderada de la lucha contra este grave problema, que afecta a tan elevado número de niños, pudiendo contribuir, mediante ayudas económicas, o bien con el diseño de equipos que faciliten el tratamiento oportuno

A cluster of central nervous system defects in Jamaica

Information was collected on all stillbirths and neonatal deaths on the island of Jamaica during the 12 month period September 1986 to August 1987. There were 33 such deaths with anencephaly, spina bifida and hydrocephalus out of an estimated population of 54,400 total births. There was a statistically significant cluster in respect to time of conception in one small rural area of the island. There were no obvious differences between parents involved in the cluster and the rest of the population, but particular Jamaican fruit and vegetables have been shown to be teratogenic in animals. It is postulated that the cluster may have been associated with an unripe crop.

Factores de riesgo en las malformaciones del sistema nervioso central / Risk factors in malformation of the central nervous system

Se analiza el estudio retrospectivo de algunos factores que se han tomado en consideración como causa de algunas malformaciones congénitas en 49 madres de niños con hidrocefalia y defectos del cierre de tubo neural. Se estudian las malformaciones, de las cuales, la más frecuente es la hidrocefalia congénita